In the meantime, Somaliland intends to persuade its citizens on self-determination through education. Education is also a significant factor for the preparation of citizenship and training in a political ideology. Globally, the official goals of education are the encouragement of economic and national development. Since 1991, Somaliland has achieved various progress towards reconciliation, peacebuilding, state-building, and democratization of elections. Somaliland is regarded as the northern region of the prior Somali Republic, formed from British Somaliland Protectorate (Current Somaliland) and Southern Somalia, united on 1st July 1960.Following political misunderstandings and grievances, Somaliland declared its right to self-determination and separated as an independent state in 1991, after the fall of the military regime. This article will argue that clan influence is likely to remain a challenge for Somalia's transition to democracy until a civilian-based voting system is put into place. Although the goal was to move towards a one-man one-vote system, the use of the 4.5 formula in the 2017 elections signifies a struggle which mostly stems from the lack of physical security or resistance to limit the influence clan has in the election process. Even though the 4.5 formula is not part of the Somali constitution adopted in 2012, the 2017 presidential elections were primarily derived from the formula.
This has led to the perpetuation of many of the same social (clan) dynamics that lead to conflict in the past. Per the Arta Peace Agreement, seats in parliament are awarded to the four major clans, which also dominate the election process. My purpose in this article is to assess the impact of Somalia's 4.5 power sharing formula on the consolidation of national post-conflict governance in the hands of a representative Somali body. It is hoped that this contribution at this junction of Somali history will help resuscitate and reconstruct Somalia's crumbled make-up and poor image of self-governance and provide a better understanding of what happened in the past and how it relates to the present.
Using oral history, unpublished written documents and perusal of available literature, the paper will provide valuable insight into aspects of history that was not available to external researchers. It looks at its emergence, establishment as a settlement and religious center in the interior of Somalia in the late 18th century. It gives an overview of the history of Baardheere, the oldest and most famous Jama'a in Somali territories. This work part of a larger project exploring the Jama'a system of administration, structure of governance, Indexed by: SCOPUS, IBSS, EBSCO, COPERNICUS, ProQuest, J-Gate and SABINET Volume 7, (Number 1), June, 2020 Pp 73-105 Indigenous Leadership and the Legacy of Religious Jama'a… 74 leadership and how their legacy is a living history in parts of present day Somalia. The history of the Jama'a of Baardheere offers one such example. Somalia has a long history and well known figures who developed unique systems of governance, which allowed economic development, social harmony and political participation long before the colonial occupation. From this background, this essay aims to contribute to the existing literature on social work by discussing the introduction of formal social work education in Somalia. As the state of neglect became a major concern, UNICEF, the Ministry of Women and Human Rights Development of the Federal Government of Somalia, in conjunction with the Swedish government, created a platform to address the conundrum by contracting six selected universities in Somaliland, Puntland and Mogadishu in 2018 to start training the first batch of Somali social workers in certificate and diploma programs that culminated into a 4-year bachelor's degree study. Social workers, in other words professionally trained people who could steer the provision of the crucially needed social services to the vulnerable ones among the society, most of whom were psychologically traumatized in one way or the other, either did not exist in the country or were barely known about.
The ensuing lawlessness increased monumentally, making violence and abuse against women, children, minorities, and the vulnerable among the society very rampant. Early in 1991, the country became swamped in a clan-based civil war that crumbled state structures and the public services they provided. From clan-based politics in the years leading to independence to clan-shaped legislature and clan-oriented cabinets in the civilian governments following independence, military dictatorship and malfeasance dominated 1970s and 1980s Somalia.